Management Practices in the Navy

Table of Contents Planning Leading Organizing Staffing Controlling Conclusion Reference List The Navy is one of the arms of the armed forces charged with protecting national interests against external aggression. Militaries worldwide are known for their rigid and strict management structures. This purpose of the strictness is to ensure that all members of the forces observe discipline. This paper reviews how the Navy handles planning, leading, organizing, staffing, and controlling functions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Management Practices in the Navy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Planning In management terms, planning refers to the activities undertaken to determine priorities and to allocate resources. Apart from the well-known military leadership style, management scholars also recognize the contribution of the military to the discipline of strategic planning. Strategic planning arose when militarie s found it necessary to develop long-term plans for prolonged military campaigns. In the Navy, several types of plans exist depending on the level of command handling it. Decisions to go to war or to carry out aggressive or defensive maneuvers are made centrally at the highest level of military command. The approval to go to war is only the first step for military planners. At the high command, military strategists develop engagement options and determine the level of troop deployments needed for specific campaigns. These decisions are then communicated down the ranks for implementation. The nature of the work of the Navy makes it impossible to use consultative decision-making models. Once the high command issues orders, the lower level officers have no option but to implement the orders.  At the unit level, unit commanders have the duty of making tactical plans to achieve the overall aims of a specific military exercise. They make decisions based on the prevailing circumstances t o ensure that the soldiers under them fulfill the commands of the superiors. At the level of the individual soldier, planning is essentially a matter of personal management to ensure readiness for service whenever called upon. Unit commanders may consult with soldiers before issuing orders, just like the high command usually consults with unit commanders before decisions are made, but never after orders are issued. Leading While the debate on the difference between management and leadership rages on, it is clear that the military needs leadership as much as it needs management. Leadership usually involves skills like defining a vision, motivating followers, and acquiring resources to meet the demands of the vision. In this regard, the Navy has a formalized leadership structure.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The organizational structure of the Navy is hierarchical. Everyone reports to his or her immediate superior all the way to the top commanders.  Top commanders usually do the casting of vision in the Navy. Top commanders usually outline the objectives of a military exercise in addresses to troops. This allows all soldiers along the ranks to understand the purpose of any commands that they receive from the high command. In addition, it prepares the troops psychologically to participate in the exercise.  Soldiers need motivation to ensure that their morale remains high during wars. Morale plays a key role in the operations of the Navy. In this regard, it is normal for senior officers to visit troops who are due for deployment to motivate them. In situations of widespread war, the top Navy commanders regularly visit troops who are due for deployment to motivate them. The third aspect of leadership in the military is maintaining discipline. No military outfit can exist as a functional unit without discipline. Enforcement of discipline is devolved d own the ranks, with superior officers taking charge of disciplinary issues affecting their immediate charges. In severe cases, soldiers face a court-martial if their activities break the military code of service. Organizing Organization is a very complex aspect of the management of the Navy. The Navy originally fought only in the water on battleships. Battleships are still a central part of the Navy’s arsenal but the arsenal is now much larger. In fact, the Navy is capable of fighting a full battle without any support from the Army or the Air Force. The Navy has airbases, aircraft carriers, and barracks on the mainland. The introduction of airplanes to naval warfare arose from the flexibility that planes added to the strategic efforts of battleships. It was easy to send a plane ahead to scout for enemy ships in order to plan an attack. The planes also served as bombers because they could drop bombs on enemy ships with a high degree of accuracy and speed, but will very low cas ualties. It takes considerable effort to organize a war effort. Whole industries exist to supply the Navy with the provisions needed to be ready for war at all times. These provisions include armament, and allied equipment. It also includes items such as food, medical supplies, and naval fatigues, among others. The Navy has very many professionals in its ranks. These professionals include logisticians and statisticians, as well as project management professionals. They form a very important component of naval organization because they ensure that all supplies reach the Navy in time to keep the entire fighting force ready for war.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Management Practices in the Navy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The organization of the soldiers follows the chain of command. High-level commanders issue orders and the officers down the ranks implement the orders. Each officer plans and organizes his unit by acquiring the supplies needed to execute the orders from the top commanders. Staffing Staffing in the Navy is a very critical aspect of its existence. Luckily, the supply of potential candidates always outstrips the demand for them, except during wartime. The last time that there was a huge demand for naval officers was during the Second World War. Since then, it has been possible to join the Navy and later retire without seeing combat. The Navy uses a very strict recruitment process to hire soldiers and other officers. The Navy receives written requests from interested persons who want to join military service. The recruitment officers then determine which of the candidates that have applied meet the minimum standards for recruitment. It then invites them for a series of evaluations that culminates in recruitment. The stages include a recruitment test, an interview, medical tests, and fitness tests. These tests ensure that a new recruit has numeracy and literacy skills as w ell as the physical profile needed for effective service in the Navy. In recent years, it has become necessary to carry out security screening of recruits because of the increased terror activities in the world. The background checks help to deter terrorists from becoming naval officers in disguise. The process described above covers the recruitment of soldiers. However, the Navy needs a wide range of [professional such as doctors, engineers, and logisticians. The Navy recruits some of these professionals after they have acquired the professional qualifications, and it trains some of them internally. The basic recruitment requirements usually apply with some variations to account for the time spent in other careers. Controlling Control is a very critical aspect of management because it ensures that an organization remains in good shape to operate. The main function of control in an organization is to enforce the prudent use of resources.  In the Navy, resources that require strict controls include time, armament, soldiers, among others. The control of arms that are in the custody of the Navy is very critical to ensure that all soldiers have the weapons they need, whenever a need arises. The control of the availability and use of weapons also ensures that the weapons do not fall into the wrong hands.  Time is a very precious resource within the Navy and in all fighting groups. The ability to deploy rapidly can mean the difference between averting an enemy attack, and losing a battle. The Navy, as well as other armed forces, has strict time management standards.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The control of soldiers is also a very crucial aspect of management in the Navy. A fighting unit is a group. This makes it susceptible to the negative effects of group dynamics. Therefore, naval officers take time to ensure that soldiers under their charge are disciplined and ready to take orders at all times. The control methods used include placing restrictions on travel, social activities, and general conduct of soldiers both within naval facilities and within the wider community. Conclusion The Navy is a very good example of the military leadership style. The cardinal value of military management is efficiency. The five functions of management reviewed in this paper shows that the Navy uses its resources to ensure that it is ready as a unit to respond to any demand for its services. Reference List Flannes, S., Levin, G. (2005). Essential People Skills for Project Managers. Vienna, VA: Management Concepts. Kerzner, H. (2010). Project Management : Best Practices: Achieving Global Excellence (2nd Edition). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Mahadevan, P. (2009). Operations Management: Theory Practice. New Delhi: Pearson Education India. Mamoria, C. B., Gankar, S. S. (2009). Textbook of Human Resource Management. Mumbai: Himalaya Publishing House. Patel, V., Rana, G. (2007). Personnel Management. Jaipur, Ind: Global Media. This essay on Management Practices in the Navy was written and submitted by user Elle Spears to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Alternative Endosymbiosis

Alternative Approach in the Evolution of Endosymbiosis In the article, â€Å"The Birth of Complex Cells,† Christian de Duve proposed the theory of cell evolution in which prokaryotes evolved into eukaryotes through a complex process of endosymbiosis. In this theory, de Duve proposes that the beginning step to the evolution is that the prokaryote loses its cell wall which increases its ability to grow in size as well as its ability to change shape. It would then be able to expand and fold its membrane, simultaneously increasing its surface area for more intake of food and nutrients. Further, de Duve explains that this enhanced ability of taking in nutrients through the membrane would boost their survival because it would then be easier for the cells to catch and process their food. Prokaryotes would now digest their food inside the cell instead of outside the cell. The cells would now be able to perform features that are associated with phagocytosis where the cell possesses the ability to engulf objects located outside the membran e by using a process similar to endocytosis. The phagocyte would eat smaller prokaryotes which would then form into endosymbionts of the cell to perform specific functions that the cell needed in order to survive in the environment in which it was living. The phagocytes, for example, incorporated endosymbionts similar to mitochondria and peroxisomes. The development of the mitochondria and peroxisomes then could form the precursors of plastids which would allow the cell to perform photosynthesis. Finally, through a long process, the DNA and proteins from the original phagocyte were transferred and migrated into the endosymbionts to transform them into cell organelles, from â€Å"prisoner to slave† as de Duve wrote. They would now be part of the cell itself and be considered one entire eukaryote. The process of incorporating the mitochondria, plastid, and the peroxisomes from other cells is supported by the ar... Free Essays on Alternative Endosymbiosis Free Essays on Alternative Endosymbiosis Alternative Approach in the Evolution of Endosymbiosis In the article, â€Å"The Birth of Complex Cells,† Christian de Duve proposed the theory of cell evolution in which prokaryotes evolved into eukaryotes through a complex process of endosymbiosis. In this theory, de Duve proposes that the beginning step to the evolution is that the prokaryote loses its cell wall which increases its ability to grow in size as well as its ability to change shape. It would then be able to expand and fold its membrane, simultaneously increasing its surface area for more intake of food and nutrients. Further, de Duve explains that this enhanced ability of taking in nutrients through the membrane would boost their survival because it would then be easier for the cells to catch and process their food. Prokaryotes would now digest their food inside the cell instead of outside the cell. The cells would now be able to perform features that are associated with phagocytosis where the cell possesses the ability to engulf objects located outside the membran e by using a process similar to endocytosis. The phagocyte would eat smaller prokaryotes which would then form into endosymbionts of the cell to perform specific functions that the cell needed in order to survive in the environment in which it was living. The phagocytes, for example, incorporated endosymbionts similar to mitochondria and peroxisomes. The development of the mitochondria and peroxisomes then could form the precursors of plastids which would allow the cell to perform photosynthesis. Finally, through a long process, the DNA and proteins from the original phagocyte were transferred and migrated into the endosymbionts to transform them into cell organelles, from â€Å"prisoner to slave† as de Duve wrote. They would now be part of the cell itself and be considered one entire eukaryote. The process of incorporating the mitochondria, plastid, and the peroxisomes from other cells is supported by the ar...

Philosophical and Practical Approach for Balancing Issues Assignment

Philosophical and Practical Approach for Balancing Issues - Assignment Example This suggests that a reality or practical approaches to solving problems usually shows limitations in seeking solutions to issues by applying a provided set of rules whereas philosophical or argumentative approaches to problem-solving normally show exploration of probable options and alternatives to seeking solutions to problems. This paper will, therefore, discuss the philosophical and practical approach for balancing issues such as individual rights and the public protection, use of reward and punishment in criminal justice, and techniques employed for weighing the use of immoral ways to accomplish desirable ends. Moreover, recommendations to employ ethics in decision making about the mentioned issues in criminal justice will be discussed. The most common problems arising within the community today are problems concerning individual rights as well as public protection, conduct codes for criminal justice, and morality. When solving problems regarding individual rights and public protection, the practical method would be based on set rules. For example, the rule that says, every man owns their own property and no other person has a right to his property but himself. This means that the work from his hands has lawfully gifted him with the property. A person who takes property that is not lawfully theirs is a thief and should be judged in accordance with the law. This is the case because the law guarantees the security of an individual’s property protection. Irrespective of their state, a thief is defenceless to accusations from the community as per the law, and so by a judgment of law, the thief is also protected from the public (Garland, 2006). A belief in fairness and justice is an important thing to present to a society. As there is no inequality of human rights on the pretext of using individual traits for example race, ethnicity, or gender. However, within a legal setting, these individual traits are considered serious issues regarding equality of human rights and have to be protected by the Government or Public. Despite the fact, that the independence declaration of 1776Â  underscored the conception of equality of all men regarding equality with some basic rights of life, happiness and liberty.

Customer service Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Customer service - Assignment Example Figure 1: Unremitted Growth of the Hotel Industry (Source: AIU, 2007) The project discusses about a hotel that is good in terms of locations and services, but some recent customer complaints forces the officials realize the importance of training employees about the extensive values of customer service policies. The economic success of an inn depends on how the customers view the quality and services of the hotel. Thus, it becomes highly rational for the officials of the hotel to reduce the variations of services rendered to the individuals and augment the overall customer service of the inn. Importance of customer service policies in our business The theory of service profit chain explains that economic growth, profit and loyalty are three interlinked concepts. The hotel would only succeed in generating economic surplus and grow, if it achieves customer’s loyalty. Again, the loyalty of the customers can only be achieved with the help of valuable customer services. Employees i n the hotel must be productive in their work for providing valued services to the customers. Motivation is the only key to enhance the productivity of the employees. There lies a great difference between ability to work and willingness to work. Motivation is the only fact that bridges the gap between the two concepts. Figure 2: The Service Profit Chain (Source: PPT) The workers in the hotel may be motivated if the officials organize special economic and non economic compensations for them on the basis of their performances. Moreover, the officials must conduct regular training and interactive sessions to upgrade the skills of the workers. Skilful workers would only be able to serve customers excellently and win over customer loyalty. Loyalty of the potential customers would ultimately render growth in profit of the hotel. A good customer service policy must be reliable, responsive, competent, credible, accessible, courteous, communicative, environmental friendly and understanding in nature (Ritzcarlton, 2013). Upgrading the Existing Customer Service Policies If the workers in the hotel are to be trained with the values of the customer service policies, the officials in the hotel must modify the existing policies of customer service. The officials must try to incorporate the best policies followed by the popular luxury hotels in the industry. Ritz and Hilton are the famous five star luxury hotels in Florida and Las Vegas respectively. These five star inns provide the best of services to its customers and following these policies would be the best improvement step made by the officials of the luxury hotel. There is a pool of different policies that these luxury hotels have introduced to check that they park the best of potential customers (Marriott, 2011). Service standards about staff training The existing team of staffs in the hotel must be trained to enhance the services rendered to the customers. The essay considers that the policy of lifetime relationship b uilding, of the Ritz and Hilton hotel is the best policy in which the officials of the concerned hotel must consider. The customers visiting the hotel must be treated as guests. The employees of the hotel should make sure that the individuals, who once visit the hotel, repeat their visits and consign others to visit the hotel. The service that the employees would render to the individuals would be a mark of excellence that would help to build a lifetime bonding with them. The

Running a Business on Smartphones Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 69

Running a Business on Smartphones - Case Study Example The companies are able to resolve customer issues with fewer processes, for example through the use of CPS, making the customers more satisfied. The use of the phones eased and cheapened the process of transactions, reducing unwanted costs. For example, Lloyd was able to cut the time used for data entry and dispatch, the fuel costs were cut by more than 30% and a reduction in unauthorized stops. In overall, the company was able to reduce its cost an estimated 100 million dollar profit in 2007. Most employees feared their jobs were over with the implementation of the smartphones. The introduction of the phones could lead to a fewer workforce for the companies. For example, Lloyd reduced their staff from 100 to just 40; hence the employees were right to be scared of the implementation. 1. The management of the company should come up with a system that tries to blend the existing workforce and the new initiative rather than wiping out most of the staff. The system could work in such a way that the existing staff is retained for some period, like until their current contract expires. The company could come up with an application that allows the customers an easy access to the company’s information rather than going through the internet by themselves. The application should be able to send daily updates to their customers about any changes. The firm could use an application that can keep it updated on any market changes, weather conditions. The application could be linked to a central database, and when there are any changes in weather conditions, the information is relayed to all its employees.

Using The Case Scenario Of Bertram Family Social Work Essay

Using The Case Scenario Of Bertram Family Social Work Essay Part 1: Indicate two sociological theories that can be used to help your understanding of the service users situation In taking the time to observe how sociological and psychological influences may impact on a service user or client group, the social worker can remain mindful of the wider context of a situation and not just take what she sees at face value. This knowledge allows the social worker to remain objective and to make informed decisions in order to maintain professionalism in her work. By applying Sociological and Psychological theory to the Bertrams case study I aim to explore the wider social context, outside influence and psychological implications from the past and present. Through this exploration I will uncover the varying viewpoints and sometimes contradictory nature of these theories. To gain a Sociological perspective on the case study I will be applying Functionalist and Feminist theories. I will be able to scrutinise the Bertrams current situation and apply the theory in order to gain a wider understanding of the social context. In order to maintain a balanced viewpoint, Psychod ynamic theory and Maslows hierarchy will enable me to consider the psychological impact with a focus on human and emotional development. By examining a situation from a Sociological perspective we can take into account how various aspects such as class, social structure, religion, disability can impact people from a wider social context. This is essential in gaining a holistic picture the situation. Functionalism By applying a Macro theory to the case scenario it allows us to look at the large scale features of society and how individual actions affect society as a whole and vice versa. Functionalism will enable me to contemplate the structure of society and how the Bertrams fit within that structure. Functionalist theorists regard society as a system with interlocking parts. It is believed that each part needs to function effectively in order for society, as a system, to work as a whole. It is often rationalised using biological analogy. The social role of individuals is an integral part of the theory. Each person is thought to have their individual role to play within society. From a functionalist perspective it is very clear that Mrs Bertram is not fulfilling her role as a wife. Due to her alzemers she is unable to carry out the duties that would have been expected of her. Durkheim believed that everyone had their place, and a womans place was in the home. In the context of the 40s, 50s wh en Functionalism was at its peak, this viewpoint would not have been uncommon, if a little out-dated by todays standards. None the less, it is not through choice that she has become dysfunctional within society. She has legitimate claim for not being able to carry out her societal role and Functionalism would automatically see her take on the sick role. This would enable her to function again within the system under a different guise. It could also be observed that Mr Bertram is a dysfunctional member of society. With his reckless behaviour, his outrageous spending, and the lack of care for his wifes basic needs he is no longer fulfilling his role of husband. A main proponent of Functionalism was Emile Durkheim (1858-1917). He saw marital vows as obligations. When I perform my duties as a brother, a husband or a citizen and carry out the commitments I have entered into, I fulfil obligations which are defined in law and custom which are external to myself and my actions (Durkheim, 1982). He believed that if a member of society was deemed as dysfunctional, then he was considered to be a deviant member of society. Deviance occurs when people are not functioning correctly, according to the norm. This could be through crime, or anything which affects their ability to carry out their societal role. Deviance needs to be controlled or managed. If it was established that Mr Bertram was in fact deviant then he may need some persuading that by providing the care and attention that his wife needs his wife would not be removed from the situation. Through this resolution, therefore, they would both be able to function appropriately. It could be observed that Mr Bertram had an alcohol dependency. If this was established then Mr Bertram too may take on the sick role. In which case a different method for resolving the issues within the house would need to be adopted. Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) believed that sickness was a social concept rather than a biological concept. So being ill meant acting in different, deviant ways to the norm. Being sick was therefore a form of social role (Haralambos and Holborn, 2004). Parsons believed the rights of a sick person to be exemption from normal social obligations, the right to be looked after and blamed for their social deviance as long as they were genuinely sick. Obligations of a person playing the sick role would be to understand that they have to get well as soon as possible in order to continue their normal function and in order to do this they must receive professional help. Mr Bertrams condition would need to be treated or managed in order to enable him to function ag ain. In that case Mr and Mrs Bertram would be able to stay at home under treatment and the issues about care could be dealt with accordingly. He would no longer be considered deviant member of society. A criticism of the sick role would be that it is very difficult to apply to long term illness like that of Mrs Bertram. It is built on the assumption that the person gain help in order to gain function. This would not be possible for Mrs Bertram. Feminism From a Radical Feminist perspective it could be observed that Mrs Bertram has been oppressed by her husband. Through her devotion and his dominance she has succumb to subordination. Radical Feminists use the patriarchal social system as a concept to explain gender inequality. Patriarchy is the dominance of men over women in society. They view men as responsible for the exploitation of women from which they benefit greatly, through free domestic labour, sexual duties and so on. The case study describes how Mrs Bertram was swept off of her feet and totally devoted to Mr Bertram. In their current situation, Mrs Bertram is at home in squalled conditions and desperately in need of help. Mr Bertram is avoiding the situation by using diversionary tactic, selfishly seeking social activity and pleasure through drink. This further increases her oppression as she is fully dependent on her husband to provide the care and attention which she is desperately in need of. Shulamith Firestone, an early radical feminist writer argues that men control womens roles in re-production and child bearing. Because women are biologically able to give birth to children, they become more dependent materially on men for protection and livelihood (Giddens, 2006). Feminists could argue that for this reason Mrs Bertram has become vulnerable within her setting and just accepts this way of life. Jessie Bernard argued that Men need marriage more than women (pg 208 Gender). Perhaps this reliance on the domestic labour, comfort and sexual duties of a wife, which has been lost my Mr Bertram through his wifes condition is attributing to his behaviour. Mrs Bertram is no longer fulfilling her duties as a wife and this could be disrupting his routine. It would appear that Mr Bertram has never had to control the household, take care of his wife or finances, and may lack the ability or may simply consider it beneath him. It could affect his masculinity to have to carry out such c hores and duties believed to be part of a womans role. This may also be the reason why he is reluctant to accept help with the situation. He may feel he is being barraged and dictated to by his step daughters which may be resulting in a greater defiance. It is not clear from the case study, the nature of their relationship either. He may feel that family and professionals are undermining his authority as head of the household. Mr Bertram may be compensating for his lack of masculinity at home, by using his social appearance, bravado, drinking and defiance. This time away from the house for him may reaffirm his role as a dominant male within society whilst his dominant role as a man disappears at home. He no longer has command over his wife, no longer gets respect, adoration that he was once used to. Men are considered to have more influence within society; Mr Bertram has no influence over this situation or over his wife. Part 2: Using the scenario describe two psychological theories that can be used to help your understanding of the service users situation Humanistic theory Maslows hierarchy of needs Humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow (1908 1970) argued that humans throughout life not only want to have their basic survival needs met they strive for more in terms of personal growth. He believed that once basic needs for survival had been met that human development progressed toward higher psychological needs. He argued that people are motivated by the conscious desire for personal growth (Rathus, 2004). Maslow believed what separated us from our so-called lower animals was our capacity for self-actualisation (Rathus,2004). He believed that this self- actualisation was as important as basic needs but could not be met unless other stages of human needs were completed. He organised these stages into the hierarchy of needs, often presented in pyramid format. Each stage must be satisfied in order to progress to the next. At the bottom of the hierarchy are physiological needs. These are the basic human needs we all have in order to survive, like food, water, shelter, oxygen. Once t he first basic need has been satisfied, the following stage is safety needs, the need for security. The following stage in the hierarchy is love and belonging; the need to give and receive love, to overcome loneliness and achieve a sense of belonging in life. The fourth stage is Esteem needs; to feel self-confident, respected and not to feel inferior. Self-actualisation is the final stage in the hierarchy and can only be reached when all foregoing needs are satisfied and the person feels he has achieved everything he wants to in life and is the best that he can be. In the case of the Bertrams it is clear that Mrs Bertram is currently not even meeting the bottom of Maslows hierarchy of needs. It is noted that their flat is in an appalling state, she is unable to feed herself and left on her own for most of the day. You would expect most of her needs to be met within the context of her marriage to Mr Bertram; however, since he has neglected his role as a husband, he has placed her in a position of significant danger. Since not even her basic physiological needs are being met in the current situation then at present there would not be an opportunity to progress through the hierarchy of needs. If Mrs Bertram was placed in residential care then her physiological needs would be met. She would have food, water and care of her basic needs. She could then perhaps progress to the following stage of safety. She would no longer be at risk of hurting herself and she would be in a more secure environment. Although it could be argued that for an advance Alzheimers sufferer, the unfamiliar setting would disorientate her and she might not actually feel secure there. Because of her diagnosis, Mrs Bertram is unlikely to meet the third stage of love and belongingness. Her advanced Alzheimers may mean that she fails to recognise her husband, family members and have a declining ability to communicate. Mrs Bertram would never reach self-actualisation. The best that could be achieved would be basic survival and safety needs, whether this was achieved at home with the compliance of her husband, or in residential care. Although it could be debated that residential care would not be the best opt ion. As the GP states in the case scenario, a move to residential care might well kill Mrs Bertram. It would appear from the case scenario that Mr Bertrams basic needs are being fulfilled. However it is uncertain as to whether his s safety and security needs are being met. He certainly would not get a sense of love and belonging from his wife, in the latter stages of sever dementia. I would observe, however, there is some attempt from Mr Bertram to achieve a sense of self-esteem, since he spends the majority of his time with his compatriots at the golf club. It is clear that in this relationship and the current situation faced by the Bertrams that he too has no way of reaching self-actualisation. Maslow observes that it is mainly social factors that hinder the personal growth of humans. Potentially at least the first two stages of Maslows hierarchy could be reached within the context of their marriage, with the right services in place. Psychodynamic theory Through the Psychodynamic theory of personality we could speculate about Mr Bertrams past and how that has influence on his behaviour in the present. It would be difficult to achieve a comprehensive result in regards to Mrs Bertram because of her Alzheimers. Since her behaviour is wholly attributed to her condition. Studying Sigmund Freuds (1856 1939) theories, with a focus on psychosexual development, would be the most relevant to apply to the case scenario. Psychodynamic theory had been developed and evolved over the years. Freuds idea of Psychodynamic theory depicted humans as largely driven by unconscious motives and desires. He proclaimed that humans come into conflict when their basic instincts come up against social pressure to follow, laws or moral codes. At first this conflict is external, but as we develop it becomes internalised (Rathus, 2004). Freud explains the conflict of personality using psychic structures. The id, which Freud believed is present at birth and located in the unconscious mind, and revolves around our basic biological drives and instincts. It operates on what Freud called the pleasure principle. It demands instant gratification regardless of laws or moral rules. Another feature in the structure of personality is the ego. Formed from the id, developed through learni ng and experience. This is the part where conscious thought takes place (Beckett and Taylor, 2010). The ego operates on the reality principle. This takes into consideration what is practical and possible in gratifying needs (Rathus, 2004). When the ego senses improper impulses arsing it can sometimes deploy a number of defence mechanisms. The third psychic structure is the superego. This is formed throughout early childhood and is developed through standards, values, parenting and moral standards. Psychodynamic theory emphasises the way in which the mind stimulates behavior, and both mind and behavior influence and are influenced by the persons social environment (Payne, 2005) Freud believed there were four stages in psychosexual development. The first stage took place during the first year of a childs life. This is known as the oral stage. Much of the childs development is explored by putting things into the mouth and sucking, biting chewing. Freud believed it was possible to have arrested development through trauma. And be fixated on one of the stages. From the case study we could surmise that Mr Bertram is fixated on the oral stage of psychosexual development through his drinking. We could speculate that he may have had a significant trauma at that stage which has left him with a possible alcohol dependency, thus fixated on the oral stage. It could perhaps be identified that Mr Bertram is using psychological defence mechanisms in order to avoid the situation that he is currently facing. Part 3: Reflect on your own background describe it and indicate 1 sociological and 1 psychological theory that can be applied to you, giving examples The relationship I have with my father has often been fraught, difficult and tense. As a sufferer of a severe mental disorder, my father has often displayed irrational, delusional, paranoid and sometimes violent behaviour. Throughout his life he has had frequent hospitalisation. For me this is something I have grown up with and am used to dealing with on a day to day basis. I am acutely aware of how our relationship differs to that of my friends for example. I have as close a relationship as possible with him, and to that end I usually bear the brunt of his paranoia and aggression when he is unwell. I have witnessed first-hand the stigma attached to mental illness. I find it extremely difficult to trust anyone enough to tell them about the situation, and I strongly feel I shouldnt have to tell everyone that meets him, this only leads to labelling him as mentally ill, thus changing the way in which they treat him; which only compounds his paranoia. Some Sociological theorists believe that mental illness is a social construction in order to rationalise bizarre or irrational behaviour that cannot be in any other way explained. This is known as labelling theory. Scheff (1966) argued that people are labelled as mentally ill because their behaviour does not make sense to others. Scheff points out that labelling of a person as mentally ill is facilitated by stereotyped imagery learned in early childhood and continually reaffirmed, inadvertently, in ordinary social interaction and through the mass media. Thus, when a persons violation of social norms or deviance becomes a public issue, the traditional stereotype of crazy person is readily adopted both by those reacting to the deviant person and, often, by the deviant person as well (Lamb. 2002). Erving Goffman suggests that when someone is labelled as mentally ill then they are treated differently. When an interaction takes place with that person it is with this knowledge of the menta l illness, therefore creating what Goffman called a spurious interaction (Haralambos and Holborn, 2004). From a behaviourist view, Schizophrenia could be viewed as a kind of learned behaviour. From this perspective, people engage in schizophrenic behaviour when it is more likely to be reinforced than normal behaviour (Rathus, 2004). This could be the result of being raised in an unrewarding or punitive situation. It could also be observed that this kind of behaviour is reinforced within the hospital setting, where the schizophrenic behaviour is reinforced through attention from professionals within that setting. Cognitive theory argues that behavior is affected by perception or interpretation of the environment during the process of learning. Apparently inappropriate behavior must therefore arise from misinterpretation. Therapy tries to correct the misunderstanding, so that our behavior reacts appropriately to the environment (Payne, 2006) I believe the experiences I have had with my father give me the ability to understand mental illness without stigmatising. It also helps me empathise with the sufferer and the family. An empathetic approach to someone who was hearing voices for example, would be to understand that to the person affect, they are very real. I fully understand the importance of having the right services in place in order for that person to thrive. My experience allows me to observe the wider context of a situation and realise that it is not only the primary sufferer of the condition that is affected. The wider family needs to be considered as they have a huge role to play in the well-being of the person concerned.

Jessie James :: essays research papers

Jessie James: Murdering Outlaw or American Hero There are two sides to everything. Coins have both heads and tales, the moon has a dark side and a face that we are so familiar with, and yes, the Lochness Monster has both a head and a tail. To every opinion, or story, there will always be one that contradicts it. This is the case with conceptions regarding Jesse James. Jesse Woodson James was born on the cold and early morning of September 6, 1847 in Kearney, Missouri. At the age of fourteen, Jesse joined the Confederate effort during the Civil War and fought until a Union bullet injured him in 1865. Instead of becoming a farmer like most of the rest of the beaten Confederacy, Jesse turned to crime. From 1866 to 1882, Jesse, his brother Frank, and other ex-Confederates robbed over fifteen different banks and trains. The James Gang operated in the Mid-west until a fellow gang member shot Jesse in the back of the head. There are two different schools of thought regarding James. Most people consider Jesse James a murdering outlaw who was driven by a greed for money, while others sympathize with Jesse and view him as an American hero who had no choice but to turn to crime. . Ironically Jesse’s father was a Baptist preacher, but he did not have much if any influence on Jesse considering that his mother married three times. Jesse’s childhood abruptly ended when he was 14 years old. During this time, Civil War had broken out, dividing the United States into two parts. Not wanting to be left out, Jesse joined a Confederate regiment led by Lieutenant Bloody Bill Anderson. Unlike most other confederate regiments, Bloody Bill Anderson’s regiment would "use small gang hit-and-run attacks" and raid mostly northern cities in Kansas and Missouri (Bruns 35). James rode with Anderson until he was wounded and sent home in 1865. After Jesse’s recovery, he and his brother Frank began to work on their family farm. As time wore on however, the James boys grew tired of this and living under the control of "Yankees". Thus, Jesse James, along with Frank, his cousins Bob, Cole, and Jim Younger, and about seven other ex-confederate soldiers, turned to crime. The "James" gang committed their first robbery on a cold February day in 1866. The gang masqueraded in Union Army issued uniforms and entered the bank in Liberty, Missouri.

Fast Food and Economy Essay

Present essay addresses the negative issues of fast food in modern society through the prism of the comprehensive analysis of its affects on health, culture, ethics and economy. There is no denying the importance of the fact that the issue of the fast food became relevant as a result of the modern globalization processes, which influenced the spread of the ‘American’ style of nutrition through the mechanism of its commercialization.   The evolution of fast food, as Jakle suggests, dates back to the post-industrial era of Western society including rapid development of automobile roots and road restaurants (Jakle, 21-26). Such components of fast food as hot dogs, hamburgers etc. were traditionally the elements of national patterns of nutrition, however, due to economic and cultural globalization, mentioned products reached new markets and peoples and proclaimed themselves as generally accepted patterns of food consumption. Such transnational corporations as McDonalds represent the paramount of the latter processes, because they control not only national markets, but international markets of food consumption in general. Negative effects of fast food were widely addressed in journalist and scholarly research, however, comprehensive framework of its analysis as cultural and economic phenomena is not still created. Based on these reservations, present essay defends the following thesis: Fast food is characterized by the negative effects on several spheres of human life. First of all, consuming fast food results in poor health consequences and including stomach deceases, diabetes etc. Secondly, fast food results in the degradation of national cuisines and cultural patterns of consumption, based on the perception of consumption as a spiritual ritual, characterized by emotional and aesthetic satisfaction. Finally, the third sub-thesis of the present essay refers to negative economic consequences of fast food, because it results in the low priorities of national food industries due to monopolization of this market by such American giants as McDonalds. Health Implications Negative health implications of fast food are the most obvious and are generally the object of the harsh critique. Fast food contains large quantity of calories and fats, which results in the deterioration of biological metabolism and concentration of sugar in the human blood and consequently abnormal functioning of various organs.   As Adams suggests, fast food consumption is one the main causes of the obesity epidemics in many countries, including the most widespread implication for the abdominal fat (Adams, 155). The research on fast food implication on health also revealed that it develops signs of the insulin resistance, which may be described as the early indicator of such decease as diabetes (Obesity in America, 2008). As Schlosser, the author of Fast Food Nation suggest in this respect, ‘it seems wherever America’s fast food chains go, waistlines inevitably start expanding’ (Schlosser, 242). The problem of obesity as result of fast food consumption is evident in many Western and nowadays non-Western countries, where the fast food industry is the most developed. The problem is amplified by the fact that obesity is not officially acknowledged as the health problem or epidemics. Only health consequences of obesity on heart, lungs and other crucial organs are addressed, however the main problem is not resolved, because such approach deals with the secondary issues, but not the causes. The diet and healthy food consumption, however, becomes very difficult for the majority of ordinary people fast food market offers cheaper products. To sum it up, health implications of fast food are widely acknowledged which certifies to the relevance of the first sub-thesis. Cultural and Ethical Implications of Fast Food Negative cultural and ethical implications of fast food are connected with the mode of its production and consumption. Fast food represents an industrial pattern of production, which focuses on profit and quantity, rather than quality. It is standardized and utilizes products, which are not always biologically healthy. Such approach results in degradation of national cuisines, which traditionally focused on home-made products, which are to be properly served and properly eaten. This tradition is still present in restaurants; however the majority of people still are forced to consume fast food due to intense advertising and relative cheapness. Culture of fast food is something that is characterized by haste, rationalization, lack of spirituality and aesthetic beauty. Unlike prepared meals, fast food has nothing to do with creativity and professionalism and hence it lacks cultural meaning. Negative ethical implications of fast food production may be observed in mass slaughterhouses, where meat and other products are prepared. Schlosser describes the atmosphere, which reigns there in such a way, â€Å"burning hair and blood, that greasy smell, and the odor of rotten eggs.† (Schlosser, 68). Fast Food and Economy Fast food is inextricably connected with poverty, because it parasitizes on the majority of people, who have no financial possibility to consume healthy food. The latter is closely linked with the absence of adequate health education. The globalization of fast food market also results in the monopolization of the food market in the developing countries. McDonald’s hamburgers are currently the most famous type of food and are considered by many as tasty and trendy. National cuisines are still popular; however, the trend spreads in the direction of their defeat by fast food market. The latter negatively affects the economies of developing countries, which lose external markets. McDonalds-style monopolization aggravates poverty, existing in developing countries by means of degrading its health potential and consequently its labor market. Opposing Perspective on Fast Food Those, who support fast food usually point to its cheapness, fast preparation and availability. The first argument was criticized in this paper based on poor quality of fast food and its parasitizing on poverty; the second point proceeds from the false assumption that fast preparation is something valuable. In contrast, present paper showed that it results in poor consequences for health and culture. Conclusion Present essay defended the stated thesis that fast food negatively affects human health, culture, ethics and economy. Health implications are evident in the wide number of studies, as well apparent syndrome of obesity in Western countries. Cultural and ethical implications relate to the degradation of the patterns of spiritual and cultural food consumption, based on family   and national traditions. Finally, economic consequences refer to the trend of standardization of fast food production, its link with poverty and social inequality. References Adams, Catherine. (2007) â€Å"Reframing the Obesity Debate: McDonald’s Role May Surprise You.† Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics Vol. 35: 154-157. Jakle, John (1999). Fast Food: Roadside Restaurants in the Automobile Age. Johns Hopkins University Press. Obesity In America. (2008). The Endocrine Society; The Hormone Foundation. Accessed on 25 May, 2009 at . Schlosser, Eric. (2002). Fast Food Nation. Penguin Books.

Frankensteins monster Essays

Frankensteins monster Essays Frankensteins monster Essay Frankensteins monster Essay Essay Topic: Frankenstein Frankenstein was a novel written by Mary Shelley in 1818. Since then there have been many versions and adaptations in the form of films. One extremely different to the other, they show how the novel can be so widely adapted and modified to the wishes of the director. James Whale directed the first film version of Frankenstein in 1931 then Kenneth Branagh released Mary Shelleys Frankenstein in 1994. Mary Shelley was born in 1771 and had a troubled life from the moment she was born. Her mother Mary Wollstonecraft died giving birth to Shelley. She inherited a tendency to be easily depressed from her mother, so when her stepmother who she despised brought her up she decided to runaway to Europe continually with her stepsister. She met Percy Shelley when she was sixteen (who was already married) and they went away to Geneva (also where the novel was set). They decided to all write ghost stories and Mary produced Frankenstein, the only story from that holiday to be published. Many think that Frankenstein is based around Shelleys life, and her heartache of her mothers death at birth. Throughout the essay I will write about the ways both the monster and Dr. Frankenstein are portrayed by the two different directors and how this creates atmosphere and feelings in the audience. I will also be writing about how background music, Sound effects, and camera angles contribute to the separate films. Then I will go on to look at not only the costumes of the characters but the settings of the both films too. In Whales 1931 black and white version of Frankenstein he characterises Dr. Frankenstein exceedingly well, but not truthfully towards Shelleys novel. : Firstly he changes his name from Victor (meaning victory) to Henry; this could relate to Whales view that Frankenstein is not victorious in the novel. Frankenstein wears a typical long, white lab coat to suggest clearly to the audience that he is a professional doctor. It could also connote to the audience that he is smart, well brought up, devoted and possibly a perfectionist. This is also shown by the way Frankensteins hair is always perfectly tidy and combed. These are deliberate decisions made by the director, as this is the way he wants Dr. Frankenstein to be portrayed.

Hydrogenated Oils essays

Hydrogenated Oils essays Fat is essential to life, its not to be feared anymore if the right type is consumed. There are three classifications of fat: saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and monounsaturated fatty acids. These fats are used by the body as energy, but provide more than twice as many calories per gram as either carbohydrates or protein that have 4 grams compared to 9 grams in fat. Fat is also a carrier of the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, and E that are vital for everyday living. The unsaturated fats, which are liquid at room temperature, provide the body with essential fatty acids that the body cannot produce so they have to be consumed. These fats also aid in lowering the bad cholesterol low-density lipids (LDLs). Although polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids are healthy they should be eaten in moderation. As for saturated fat, which is solid at room temperature, it raises the LDLs that leads to heart disease, the number one killer in America. It can also lead to cancer and obesity that is why the Recommend Dietary Intake (RDI) of saturated fat should only be 10% of the diet. Although most Americans are taught that saturated fat is the worst fat, but there is one more that has been around for several years, but has been hidden. Trans fatty acids is the name of the cultrate or as otherwise know as hydrogenated oils. Trans fatty acids are geometrical isomers of the naturally occurring cis-fatty acids and they resemble the molecular configuration of saturated fat. They are commercially produced in vast amounts by heating vegetable oils (polyunsaturated and monounsaturated) with metal catalysts and hydrogen to form what is known as shortening or margarine. In nature, unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds that are cis isomers; with adjacent carbons on the same side of the double bond. This results in a bent shape and a liquid state when at room temperature. As for the trans fatty acids, the car...

Growth and Developement Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Growth and Developement - Research Paper Example The patient is a five month old male infant, who was admitted to hospital with small bowel obstruction. Upon several medical examinations, the infant was diagnosed with dilated transverse colon and a small bowel .On admission he was an undernourished and fragile baby, but improved his condition with all the medical support and assistance at hospital His parents are going through a lot of trauma and anxiety, and are extremely worried about the health and safety of the baby. The infant is going to be subjected to surgery in near future and all our anticipating for the health and wellbeing of the infant. Section I: Physical Growth and Development A.General parameters 1. Height & Weight: The height of baby is 54.6 cm and Weight is precisely 4.26 kg. Nutrition: The nutritional status of the baby is inferior as he is terminally ill with multiple health complications. 3. Sleep patterns – The body of the infant is very fragile and delicate at this stage, as he has a defective and disr upted bowel movement. He has undergone numerous tests like CT scans, endoscopy, and ultrasounds for the analysis of his terminal illness. He has a terrible problem with swallowing food and liquids and vomited once when bottle with EleCare formula was introduced. With all these complication going on baby is struggling to get a proper sleep and rest. Moreover, he is on morphine to avoid pain and is not experiencing a normal sleeping pattern. 4. Dental health Availability of proper nutrition plays an immense role in the development of dental structure of a baby. In the case of our patient, there is a considerable lack in the calcium and minerals supply. An infant at this Stage, needs an ample amount of breast milk to maintain a healthy body .Being unable to swallow food, his calcium intake is considerably low which can lead to poor dental growth. 5. Elimination – The baby is suffering from dilated transverse colon and posses a small bowel and this is creating complications in hi s digestion process. According to Holshniede &Puri, (2008) â€Å"A number of physicians have reported instance of severe constipation and colon dilatation in children that eventually lead to their demise†(p.12)Also , a dilated colon can result in irritable bowel movement and lead to constipation . Thus , the elimination process of the baby is poor and unpredictable. B. Motor development Motor development is a crucial stage in the growing stage of an infant and at this stage parents needs to observe the activities of their infants closely. According to Adolf ,â€Å"Motor development is truly amazing. In their first year of life, infants acquire the ability to direct their eyes a t targets, support their bodies against gravity, grasp and manipulate objects, and loco mote across the room. One reason why these accomplishments appear so amazing is that motor actions are directly observable†. However, when we consider our client, he is abnormally undernourished and anemic an d displays a very low muscle mass and motor development. 1.Gross motor : The physical reaction of the baby in his immediate surroundings is an important aspect in a child’s growing phase. However, our client is malnourished and anemic and needs immediate surgery to rectify his abdominal and rectal malfunctioning. The infant is having intra-abdominal abscesses with multiple scars in the bowel and has been diagnosed with a fibrotic and necrotic left and sigmoid colon. He is recommended not to be fed by oral means, and was

Finance Paper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Finance Paper 2 - Essay Example This allocation is mainly to meet the cost of the games preparation. When the central funded elements are included, the total cost to the public purse is estimated to be 9.3 billion pounds. The total budget of the London Olympic organizing committee who is directly responsible for staging the games is estimated to be 2 billion pounds. This is for covering all operational costs. These operational costs are will be met from revenue coming from sale of broadcast rights and ticket sales. The London committee will not finance any sort of capital expenditure. The international Olympic committee requirements necessitate an undertaking that the government is the ultimate guarantor for funding the Olympic Games. The Olympic delivery authority which has been established for ensuring the physical infrastructure has an overall budget of 8.1 billion pounds. However it has been anticipated that the final costs will be around 7.3 billion pounds only. All these budgets are financed by the national l ottery which amounts to 2.2 billion, the GLA Olympic council tax percept amounting to 0.6 billion. Other London 0.3 billion and the central government 6.2 billion pounds. The Olympic village which was to be built using public finance is to be sold off after the games. By June 2010 almost three quarters of the required finance was collected by the committees (Berman). . The Olympic movement of the world consists of large global multifaceted organizations with the IOC as its head. The IOC is not a governmental or United Nations organization. Initially the IOC which was run by wealthy people funded the games from its own pocket. But the growth and popularity and increase in the value of broadcasting rights created independent sources to run the games. One of the significant revenues consists of broadcasting rights sale which has grown rapidly during the century. It was around a million dollars in the Rome Games of 1960 and touched 1700 million dollars during the 2008 Beijing games. The growth has been dramatic since the 1960 games. The key element to the increase was the advent of satellite broadcasting which enabled to beam the television signals to homes instantly. It is to be noted that the broadcasting rights for the Olympic Games are totally owned by the IOC and not by the games organizers.