The Differences Between DNA and RNA

Although their names may sound familiar, DNA and RNA are often confused for one another when there are in fact several key differences between these two carriers of genetic information.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  (DNA) and  ribonucleic acid  (RNA) both are made of nucleotides and serve a role in the production of protein and other parts of cells, but there are some key elements of both that differ on the nucleotide and base levels. Evolutionarily, scientists believe that RNA may have been the building block of early primitive organisms due to its simpler structure and its pivotal function of transcribing DNA sequences so that other parts of the cell may understand them—meaning RNA would have to exist in order for DNA to function, so it stands to reason RNA came first in the evolution of multi-celled organisms. Among these core differences between DNA and RNA is that RNAs backbone is made of a different sugar than DNAs, RNAs use of uracil instead of thymine in its nitrogenous base, and the number of strands on  each type of genetic information carriers molecules. Which Came First in Evolution? While there are arguments for DNA occurring naturally in the world first, it is generally agreed upon that RNA came before DNA for a variety of reasons, starting with its simpler structure and more easily interpretable codons which would allow for faster genetic evolution through reproduction and repetition. Many primitive prokaryotes use RNA as their genetic material and did not evolve DNA, and RNA can still be used as a catalyst for chemical reactions like enzymes. There are also clues, within viruses that use only RNA, that RNA may be more ancient than DNA, and scientists even refer to a time before DNA as the â€Å"RNA world. Then why did DNA evolve at all? This question is still being investigated, but one possible explanation is that DNA is more highly protected and harder to break down than RNA—it is both twisted and â€Å"zipped† up in a double-stranded molecule which adds protection from injury and digestion by enzymes. Primary Differences DNA and RNA are made up of subunits called nucleotides wherein all nucleotides have a sugar backbone, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base, and both DNA and RNA have sugar â€Å"backbones† that are made up of five carbon molecules; however, they are different sugars that make them up. DNA is made up of deoxyribose and RNA is made up of ribose, which may sound similar and have similar structures, but the deoxyribose sugar molecule is missing one oxygen that a ribose molecule sugar has, and this makes a big enough change to make the backbones of these nucleic acids different. The nitrogenous bases of RNA and DNA are also different, though in both these bases can be categorized into two main groups: the pyrimidines which have a single ring structure and purines which have a double ring structure. In both DNA and RNA, when complementary strands are made, a purine must match up with a pyrimidine to keep the width of the â€Å"ladder† at three rings. The purines in both RNA and DNA are called adenine and guanine, and they also both have a pyrimidine called cytosine; however, their second pyrimidine is different: DNA uses thymine while RNA includes uracil instead. When complementary strands are made of the genetic material, cytosine always matches up with guanine and adenine will match up with thymine (in DNA) or uracil (in RNA). This is called the â€Å"base pairing rules† and was discovered by Erwin Chargaff in the early 1950s. Another difference between DNA and RNA is the number of strands of the molecules. DNA is a double helix meaning it has two twisted strands that are complementary to each other match up by the base pairing rules while RNA, on the other hand, is only single-stranded and created in most eukaryotes by making a complementary strand to a single DNA strand. Comparison Chart for DNA and RNA Comparison DNA RNA Name DeoxyriboNucleic Acid RiboNucleic Acid Function Long-term storage of genetic information; transmission of genetic information to make other cells and new organisms. Used to transfer the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes to make proteins. RNA is used to transmit genetic information in some organisms and may have been the molecule used to store genetic blueprints in primitive organisms. Structural Features B-form double helix. DNA is a double-stranded molecule consisting of a long chain of nucleotides. A-form helix. RNA usually is a single-strand helix consisting of shorter chains of nucleotides. Composition of Bases and Sugars deoxyribose sugarphosphate backboneadenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine bases ribose sugarphosphate backboneadenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil bases Propagation DNA is self-replicating. RNA is synthesized from DNA on an as-needed basis. Base Pairing AT (adenine-thymine)GC (guanine-cytosine) AU (adenine-uracil)GC (guanine-cytosine) Reactivity The C-H bonds in DNA make it fairly stable, plus the body destroys enzymes that would attack DNA. The small grooves in the helix also serve as protection, providing minimal space for enzymes to attach. The O-H bond in the ribose of RNA makes the molecule more reactive, compared with DNA. RNA is not stable under alkaline conditions, plus the large grooves in the molecule make it susceptible to enzyme attack. RNA is constantly produced, used, degraded, and recycled. Ultraviolet Damage DNA is susceptible to UV damage. Compared with DNA, RNA is relatively resistant to UV damage. The Differences Between DNA and RNA DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, while RNA is ribonucleic acid. Although DNA and RNA both carry genetic information, there are quite a few differences between them. This is a comparison of the differences between DNA versus RNA, including a quick summary and a detailed table of the differences. Summary of Differences Between DNA and RNA DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose, while RNA contains the sugar ribose. The only difference between ribose and deoxyribose is that ribose has one more -OH group than deoxyribose, which has -H attached to the second (2) carbon in the ring.DNA is a double-stranded molecule while RNA is a single-stranded molecule.DNA is stable under alkaline conditions while RNA is not stable.DNA and RNA perform different functions in humans. DNA is responsible for storing and transferring genetic information while RNA directly codes for amino acids and as acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes to make proteins.DNA and RNA base pairing is slightly different since DNA uses the bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine; RNA uses adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine. Uracil differs from thymine in that it lacks a methyl group on its ring. Comparison of DNA and RNA While both DNA and RNA are used to store genetic information, there are clear differences between them. This table summarizes the key points: Comparison DNA RNA Name DeoxyriboNucleic Acid RiboNucleic Acid Function Long-term storage of genetic information; transmission of genetic information to make other cells and new organisms. Used to transfer the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes to make proteins. RNA is used to transmit genetic information in some organisms and may have been the molecule used to store genetic blueprints in primitive organisms. Structural Features B-form double helix. DNA is a double-stranded molecule consisting of a long chain of nucleotides. A-form helix. RNA usually is a single-strand helix consisting of shorter chains of nucleotides. Composition of Bases and Sugars deoxyribose sugarphosphate backboneadenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine bases ribose sugarphosphate backboneadenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil bases Propagation DNA is self-replicating. RNA is synthesized from DNA on an as-needed basis. Base Pairing AT (adenine-thymine)GC (guanine-cytosine) AU (adenine-uracil)GC (guanine-cytosine) Reactivity The C-H bonds in DNA make it fairly stable, plus the body destroys enzymes that would attack DNA. The small grooves in the helix also serve as protection, providing minimal space for enzymes to attach. The O-H bond in the ribose of RNA makes the molecule more reactive, compared with DNA. RNA is not stable under alkaline conditions, plus the large grooves in the molecule make it susceptible to enzyme attack. RNA is constantly produced, used, degraded, and recycled. Ultraviolet Damage DNA is susceptible to UV damage. Compared with DNA, RNA is relatively resistant to UV damage. Which Came First? While there is some evidence DNA may have occurred first, most scientists believe RNA evolved before DNA. RNA has a simpler structure and is needed in order for DNA to function. Also, RNA is found in prokaryotes, which are believed to precede eukaryotes. RNA on its own can act as a catalyst for certain chemical reactions. The real question is why DNA evolved if RNA existed. The most likely answer for this is that having a double-stranded molecule helps protect the genetic code from damage. If one strand is broken, the other strand can serve as a template for repair. Proteins surrounding DNA also confer additional protection against enzymatic attack. Unusual DNA and RNA While the most common form of DNA is a double helix. there is evidence for rare cases of branched DNA, quadruplex DNA,  and molecules made from triple strands. Scientists have found DNA in which arsenic substitutes for phosphorus. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) sometimes occurs. It is similar to DNA, except thymine is replaced by uracil. This type of RNA is found in some viruses. When these viruses infect eukaryotic cells, the dsRNA can interfere with normal RNA function and stimulate an interferon response. Circular single strand RNA (circRNA) has been found in both animals and plants. At present, the function of this type of RNA is unknown. Sources Burge S, Parkinson GN, Hazel P, Todd AK, Neidle S (2006). Quadruplex DNA: sequence, topology and structure. Nucleic Acids Research. 34 (19): 5402–15. doi:10.1093/nar/gkl655Whitehead KA, Dahlman JE, Langer RS, Anderson DG (2011). Silencing or stimulation? siRNA delivery and the immune system. Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. 2: 77–96. doi:10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061010-114133

Mccarthyism And The Salem Witch Trials - 1360 Words

Taylor Jarvis Mr. Hansen English 11A B3 17 December, 2015 McCarthyism Our job as Americans and as Republicans is to dislodge the traitors from every place where they ve been sent to do their traitorous work.(McCarthy, Joseph R.) McCarthyism is when people make accusations of treason without evidence, and take advantage of some extreme fear in order to send people they don’t like to jail or to death. Though wrong, it was used many times throughout history. I intend to explain how McCarthyism is comparable to what happened in the Salem Witch Trials, how it was used in The Red Scare, and the effects of it on the people accused. McCarthyism is very similar to what happened during the Salem Witch Trials. The Witch Trials were during a time in early American history when people were very superstitious and religious. During the Salem Witch Trials many people were accused for no reason. Some things they were convicted for were being an old woman, not knowing the ten commandments, and for being disabled. This went on for more than one hundred years across Europe before moving on to the Americas. Many people convicted were put away or killed on false charges known as fallacies. Some fallacies used in the Salem Witch Trials were also used during other instances where mccarthyism was used. A few are The unclear or wrong cause and effect fallacy that says that something completely unrelated is the cause of something else. So for example, if someone’s son isn’t baptized, someoneShow MoreRelatedThe Salem Witch Trials And Mccarthyism1275 Words   |  6 Pagesthat history no longer matters because it is in the past, the Salem Witch Trials and McCarthyism are prime examples of how history constantly repeats itself and influence how we live today for the reason that both historic eras consist of the following: they have similar histories, connect in significant ways, and include comparable situations and themes that are evident today affecting us on a daily basis whether or not we realize. Salem, Massachusetts was the home of a theocratic government systemRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials And Mccarthyism782 Words   |  4 Pagesoccurrence. We saw it during the Salem Witch Trials, the Red Scare and more recently, in the situation of the Guantanamo Bay prison. Although the Salem Witch Trials and McCarthyism are differed in the fact that one was based on religion and the other was politically based, both events had striking similarities. In both events, innocent people were accused and mass hysteria was generated through public trials. As I previously mentioned, the Salem Witch Trials and McCarthyism were quite similar. For oneRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials And Mccarthyism1327 Words   |  6 Pagesthat history no longer matters because it is in the past, the Salem Witch Trials and McCarthyism are prime examples of how history constantly repeats itself and influence how we live today for the reason that both historic eras consist of the following: they have similar history, connect in significant ways, and include comparable situations and themes that are evident today effecting us on a daily bases whether or not we realize. Salem, Massachusetts was the home of a theocracy government systemRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials and McCarthyism666 Words   |  3 Pagesthe Salem witch trials and red scare, are often overlooked. These events symbolize times of despair, weakness, and slander, to which the essence of the events is nearly identical. The Salem witch trials can be closely compared to McCarthyism and the red scare, based on the similarities of suspicion, accusation, and prosecution. Despite the difference of roughly two hundred and sixty years, the outcome of such uprisings has remained unchanged. The morals discovered during the Salem witch trials failedRead MoreMccarthyism : Salem Witch Trials1246 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the Salem witch trials in Salem, Massachusetts and McCarthyism all across America many of the traits were historically similar and based on little or no evidence. When looking back on witchcraft in the 1600s and McCarthyism in the 1940s and 50s life at the time had many influenc es and many things parallel; both were caused by fear and paranoia and resulted in destruction. The witch trials in Salem and the hearings all across America about McCarthyism were influenced by daily activities andRead MoreMccarthyism And The Salem Witch Trials1195 Words   |  5 PagesMcCarthyism is the practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence (â€Å"McCarthyism†). The Salem Witch Trials was when more than 200 people were accused of practicing witchcraft and 20 were killed because of these accusations (Brooks). During the Red Scare like there are accusations of people committing treason during the Red Scare. In The Crucible people are accused of being witches during the Salem Witch trials. There are many similarities and differencesRead MoreSalem Witch Trials And Mccarthyism Are Similar Essay1230 Words   |  5 PagesOctober 18, 2016 How Salem Witch Trials and McCarthyism are Similar In this process essay the reader will learn how the Salem Witch Trials and McCarthyism are similar. Both situations ended up taking on a mob mentality. The Salem Witch Trials started in 1690s when the Trials began, and by the end, over 200 people were accused of witchcraft. The people had a strong belief of the devil and were very religious. The outside threats that were surrounding the people of Salem had created a fear andRead MoreMccarthyism And Salem Witch Trials Essay1127 Words   |  5 PagesMcCarthyism and The Salem Witch Trials In Arthur Miller’s â€Å"The Crucible† it tells the tale of the Salem Witch Trials. At the time of the play, the McCarthy trials, named after Sen. Joseph McCarthy, were underway. Though, instead of hunting for witches, they were hunting for communists. These two trials may have happened at different points in history, but were in many ways the same. Whether it was death to job loss a lot of lives were changed on account of these trials. â€Å"The Crucible† and the McCarthyRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials And Mccarthyism1353 Words   |  6 Pages†-George Santayana. The Salem Witch Trials show a lot about how this world’s beliefs grew and developed in early America and Europe. Much of the prosecution of witches started because of the Roman Catholic Church; they created the belief of witches that led to the Salem Witch Trials. The Trials in Salem were a time when the people were scared of magic and what it could do, that led to the deaths of multiple people. The McCarthy Trials also show a resemblance to the witch trials in Salem as the idea of whatRead MoreSalem Witch Trial vs Mccarthyism1208 Words   |  5 PagesA review of A Fever in Salem: A New Interpretation of the New England Witch Trials, by Laurie Winn Carlson, Ivan R. Dee, Chicago, 2000; 224 pp. $14.95 Paperback. ISBN: 1-566633095 A FEVER IN SALEM POSITS A biological cause for the early modem witchcraft epidemic, which resulted in the hanging of 19 people in Salem, MA, in 1692. Witchcraft persecution, Laurie Carlson writes, arose because of the strange behavior of the supposedly bewitched accusers. She concludes that the cause was a disease unrecognizable

No Idea Free Essays

GRANITE SLABS AT ACCOMMODATION CLUSTER 1. Mr Lee Kuan Yew Quote 1: â€Å"If you †¦ do not understand that you got to defend this [Country], then in the end we will lose. Others will come, smack you down and take over. We will write a custom essay sample on No Idea or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Mr Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister (1967) Quote 2: (Proposed @ Sierra) â€Å"What he or she has in Singapore, he or she must be prepared to fight for and defend. Otherwise it will be lost. † Mr Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister (1967) Quote 3: â€Å"An officer must live by the SAFTI motto – â€Å"To Lead, To Excel, To Overcome†. He must be ready to serve not just for himself but for the sake of a greater good: his comrades, his men, his unit and his country. † Mr Lee Kuan Yew Quote 4: â€Å"The success of Singapore depends upon how well we uphold these ideals: the constant drive to excel in all that we do, as individuals and as a nation, and a willingness to share responsibility for the common good. † Mr Lee Kuan Yew Quote 5: â€Å"The SAF is a citizens’ militia, and its officer corps has a leadership role that extends beyond the SAF. The values inculcated in SAF officers are the same ones that they will transmit to their men, and which will permeate our society. † Mr Lee Kuan Yew Quote 6: â€Å"However, no one can teach each of you how to be a leader of men. You will have to learn how to earn the respect and confidence of other men placed under your charge, what moves them, and why some officers are better than others in getting their men to do better. † Mr Lee Kuan Yew Quote 7: â€Å"You will be responsible not only for what you yourself do, but also for your subordinates, what they do, or fail to do. Mr Lee Kuan Yew Quote 8: â€Å"However, later in life, you will realise that how to get on with other men and how to get them to do things to the best of their ability, are amongst the most important things in life. † Mr Lee Kuan Yew Quote 9: â€Å"There are several characteristics common in men in top positions: strength of character and a mind able to take in the details and complexities of a problem quickly, seize hold of the essential elements, and act decisively to tackle the problem. † Mr Lee Kuan Yew Quote 10: â€Å"The SAF must have men who are emotionally stable and totally committed to Singapore. We shall have an efficient and effective defence force, dedicated to ensure the security of all in Singapore. † Mr Lee Kuan Yew 2. Dr Goh Keng Swee Quote 11: â€Å"We must never forget that our existence as an independent sovereign state cannot be made to depend on the sufferance of others. The most dependable guarantee of our independence is a strong SAF: A strong SAF, in turn, depends on the political will to make the effort and pay the price. Dr Goh Keng Swee, Minister for Defence (1984) Quote 12: â€Å"Singapore survives and prospers because it has been able to adjust to quickly changing situations. For this, we need people with keen minds, able to see beyond the routine and the ordinary to perceive the big opportunities ahead and to think out bold, imaginative yet practical plans and to carry these out successfully. † Dr Goh Keng Swee, Minister for Defence (1972) Q uote 13: â€Å"The guns we provide the SAF are as effective as the soldiers who fire them. The soldiers are as effective as the officers who lead them. † Dr Goh Keng Swee, Minister for Defence (1981) 3. Dr Ng Eng Hen Quote 14: (Proposed @ Bravo) â€Å"The ultimate measure of the SAF’s strength lie in the will and resolve of our people to defend Singapore. † Dr Ng Eng Hen, Minister for Defence (2011) 4. Dr Tony Tan Quote 15: (Proposed @ Hotel) â€Å"The defence of Singapore is the sacred duty and solemn responsibility of each and every Singaporean who calls our Nation home. † Dr Tony Tan, Minister for Defence (2000) How to cite No Idea, Papers

Course Reflection Paper free essay sample

Course Reflection Paper: In the Course Reflection Paper, please provide a comprehensive response to each of the following questions. The completed paper should be NO LESS than five (5) pages of content, typed, double-spaced, Times New Roman font, 12 pt. , APA style. Please include a title page (not counted as one of the five pages) with your name, course name, and the date of submission. 1. What were your general views about psychology before taking this course? What is your perception of this course now that you have completed it? If you could put those thoughts into one word, what would it be? 2. Which chapter or subject was the most significant to you? Explain why? Describe the most significant learning experience that you had in this course. 3. Describe the thing that you enjoyed most about this course. Describe the thing that you enjoyed least about this course. 4. Describe one thing that you would do to improve the way this course is taught. We will write a custom essay sample on Course Reflection Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Describe one thing that you think would improve student interaction in this course. 5. Is there a specific principle learned in this course that you plan to apply to enhance your personal development? 6. What is your major? In what way(s) could the knowledge gained in this course assist you in the career you have chosen? 7. Imagine that you are a clinical psychologist and you are working with a family from a different country. Why would it be important to understand their culture and background prior to making an assessment or diagnosis of their behavior? (example: The symptoms of depression are expressed differently in eastern cultures as opposed to western cultures. ) 8. Explain how sociocultural influences, such as the media, the family, and religion, impact personality development, behavior and mental processes. 9. Social researchers have concluded that sexual orientation is determined by a combination of hereditary and environmental factors. According to what you have studied during the semester, do you believe that sexual orientation is based more on heredity, more on environment, or a combination of both? Provide a detailed explanation of your choice. 10. What was the impact on the field and practice of psychology given its early development by a predominately white male professional base to the exclusion of minorities and women? Identify and discuss two theories/hypotheses that have been developed as a result of the inclusion of minorities and women.

Management Practices in the Navy

Table of Contents Planning Leading Organizing Staffing Controlling Conclusion Reference List The Navy is one of the arms of the armed forces charged with protecting national interests against external aggression. Militaries worldwide are known for their rigid and strict management structures. This purpose of the strictness is to ensure that all members of the forces observe discipline. This paper reviews how the Navy handles planning, leading, organizing, staffing, and controlling functions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Management Practices in the Navy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Planning In management terms, planning refers to the activities undertaken to determine priorities and to allocate resources. Apart from the well-known military leadership style, management scholars also recognize the contribution of the military to the discipline of strategic planning. Strategic planning arose when militarie s found it necessary to develop long-term plans for prolonged military campaigns. In the Navy, several types of plans exist depending on the level of command handling it. Decisions to go to war or to carry out aggressive or defensive maneuvers are made centrally at the highest level of military command. The approval to go to war is only the first step for military planners. At the high command, military strategists develop engagement options and determine the level of troop deployments needed for specific campaigns. These decisions are then communicated down the ranks for implementation. The nature of the work of the Navy makes it impossible to use consultative decision-making models. Once the high command issues orders, the lower level officers have no option but to implement the orders.  At the unit level, unit commanders have the duty of making tactical plans to achieve the overall aims of a specific military exercise. They make decisions based on the prevailing circumstances t o ensure that the soldiers under them fulfill the commands of the superiors. At the level of the individual soldier, planning is essentially a matter of personal management to ensure readiness for service whenever called upon. Unit commanders may consult with soldiers before issuing orders, just like the high command usually consults with unit commanders before decisions are made, but never after orders are issued. Leading While the debate on the difference between management and leadership rages on, it is clear that the military needs leadership as much as it needs management. Leadership usually involves skills like defining a vision, motivating followers, and acquiring resources to meet the demands of the vision. In this regard, the Navy has a formalized leadership structure.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The organizational structure of the Navy is hierarchical. Everyone reports to his or her immediate superior all the way to the top commanders.  Top commanders usually do the casting of vision in the Navy. Top commanders usually outline the objectives of a military exercise in addresses to troops. This allows all soldiers along the ranks to understand the purpose of any commands that they receive from the high command. In addition, it prepares the troops psychologically to participate in the exercise.  Soldiers need motivation to ensure that their morale remains high during wars. Morale plays a key role in the operations of the Navy. In this regard, it is normal for senior officers to visit troops who are due for deployment to motivate them. In situations of widespread war, the top Navy commanders regularly visit troops who are due for deployment to motivate them. The third aspect of leadership in the military is maintaining discipline. No military outfit can exist as a functional unit without discipline. Enforcement of discipline is devolved d own the ranks, with superior officers taking charge of disciplinary issues affecting their immediate charges. In severe cases, soldiers face a court-martial if their activities break the military code of service. Organizing Organization is a very complex aspect of the management of the Navy. The Navy originally fought only in the water on battleships. Battleships are still a central part of the Navy’s arsenal but the arsenal is now much larger. In fact, the Navy is capable of fighting a full battle without any support from the Army or the Air Force. The Navy has airbases, aircraft carriers, and barracks on the mainland. The introduction of airplanes to naval warfare arose from the flexibility that planes added to the strategic efforts of battleships. It was easy to send a plane ahead to scout for enemy ships in order to plan an attack. The planes also served as bombers because they could drop bombs on enemy ships with a high degree of accuracy and speed, but will very low cas ualties. It takes considerable effort to organize a war effort. Whole industries exist to supply the Navy with the provisions needed to be ready for war at all times. These provisions include armament, and allied equipment. It also includes items such as food, medical supplies, and naval fatigues, among others. The Navy has very many professionals in its ranks. These professionals include logisticians and statisticians, as well as project management professionals. They form a very important component of naval organization because they ensure that all supplies reach the Navy in time to keep the entire fighting force ready for war.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Management Practices in the Navy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The organization of the soldiers follows the chain of command. High-level commanders issue orders and the officers down the ranks implement the orders. Each officer plans and organizes his unit by acquiring the supplies needed to execute the orders from the top commanders. Staffing Staffing in the Navy is a very critical aspect of its existence. Luckily, the supply of potential candidates always outstrips the demand for them, except during wartime. The last time that there was a huge demand for naval officers was during the Second World War. Since then, it has been possible to join the Navy and later retire without seeing combat. The Navy uses a very strict recruitment process to hire soldiers and other officers. The Navy receives written requests from interested persons who want to join military service. The recruitment officers then determine which of the candidates that have applied meet the minimum standards for recruitment. It then invites them for a series of evaluations that culminates in recruitment. The stages include a recruitment test, an interview, medical tests, and fitness tests. These tests ensure that a new recruit has numeracy and literacy skills as w ell as the physical profile needed for effective service in the Navy. In recent years, it has become necessary to carry out security screening of recruits because of the increased terror activities in the world. The background checks help to deter terrorists from becoming naval officers in disguise. The process described above covers the recruitment of soldiers. However, the Navy needs a wide range of [professional such as doctors, engineers, and logisticians. The Navy recruits some of these professionals after they have acquired the professional qualifications, and it trains some of them internally. The basic recruitment requirements usually apply with some variations to account for the time spent in other careers. Controlling Control is a very critical aspect of management because it ensures that an organization remains in good shape to operate. The main function of control in an organization is to enforce the prudent use of resources.  In the Navy, resources that require strict controls include time, armament, soldiers, among others. The control of arms that are in the custody of the Navy is very critical to ensure that all soldiers have the weapons they need, whenever a need arises. The control of the availability and use of weapons also ensures that the weapons do not fall into the wrong hands.  Time is a very precious resource within the Navy and in all fighting groups. The ability to deploy rapidly can mean the difference between averting an enemy attack, and losing a battle. The Navy, as well as other armed forces, has strict time management standards.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The control of soldiers is also a very crucial aspect of management in the Navy. A fighting unit is a group. This makes it susceptible to the negative effects of group dynamics. Therefore, naval officers take time to ensure that soldiers under their charge are disciplined and ready to take orders at all times. The control methods used include placing restrictions on travel, social activities, and general conduct of soldiers both within naval facilities and within the wider community. Conclusion The Navy is a very good example of the military leadership style. The cardinal value of military management is efficiency. The five functions of management reviewed in this paper shows that the Navy uses its resources to ensure that it is ready as a unit to respond to any demand for its services. Reference List Flannes, S., Levin, G. (2005). Essential People Skills for Project Managers. Vienna, VA: Management Concepts. Kerzner, H. (2010). Project Management : Best Practices: Achieving Global Excellence (2nd Edition). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Mahadevan, P. (2009). Operations Management: Theory Practice. New Delhi: Pearson Education India. Mamoria, C. B., Gankar, S. S. (2009). Textbook of Human Resource Management. Mumbai: Himalaya Publishing House. Patel, V., Rana, G. (2007). Personnel Management. Jaipur, Ind: Global Media. This essay on Management Practices in the Navy was written and submitted by user Elle Spears to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Alternative Endosymbiosis

Alternative Approach in the Evolution of Endosymbiosis In the article, â€Å"The Birth of Complex Cells,† Christian de Duve proposed the theory of cell evolution in which prokaryotes evolved into eukaryotes through a complex process of endosymbiosis. In this theory, de Duve proposes that the beginning step to the evolution is that the prokaryote loses its cell wall which increases its ability to grow in size as well as its ability to change shape. It would then be able to expand and fold its membrane, simultaneously increasing its surface area for more intake of food and nutrients. Further, de Duve explains that this enhanced ability of taking in nutrients through the membrane would boost their survival because it would then be easier for the cells to catch and process their food. Prokaryotes would now digest their food inside the cell instead of outside the cell. The cells would now be able to perform features that are associated with phagocytosis where the cell possesses the ability to engulf objects located outside the membran e by using a process similar to endocytosis. The phagocyte would eat smaller prokaryotes which would then form into endosymbionts of the cell to perform specific functions that the cell needed in order to survive in the environment in which it was living. The phagocytes, for example, incorporated endosymbionts similar to mitochondria and peroxisomes. The development of the mitochondria and peroxisomes then could form the precursors of plastids which would allow the cell to perform photosynthesis. Finally, through a long process, the DNA and proteins from the original phagocyte were transferred and migrated into the endosymbionts to transform them into cell organelles, from â€Å"prisoner to slave† as de Duve wrote. They would now be part of the cell itself and be considered one entire eukaryote. The process of incorporating the mitochondria, plastid, and the peroxisomes from other cells is supported by the ar... Free Essays on Alternative Endosymbiosis Free Essays on Alternative Endosymbiosis Alternative Approach in the Evolution of Endosymbiosis In the article, â€Å"The Birth of Complex Cells,† Christian de Duve proposed the theory of cell evolution in which prokaryotes evolved into eukaryotes through a complex process of endosymbiosis. In this theory, de Duve proposes that the beginning step to the evolution is that the prokaryote loses its cell wall which increases its ability to grow in size as well as its ability to change shape. It would then be able to expand and fold its membrane, simultaneously increasing its surface area for more intake of food and nutrients. Further, de Duve explains that this enhanced ability of taking in nutrients through the membrane would boost their survival because it would then be easier for the cells to catch and process their food. Prokaryotes would now digest their food inside the cell instead of outside the cell. The cells would now be able to perform features that are associated with phagocytosis where the cell possesses the ability to engulf objects located outside the membran e by using a process similar to endocytosis. The phagocyte would eat smaller prokaryotes which would then form into endosymbionts of the cell to perform specific functions that the cell needed in order to survive in the environment in which it was living. The phagocytes, for example, incorporated endosymbionts similar to mitochondria and peroxisomes. The development of the mitochondria and peroxisomes then could form the precursors of plastids which would allow the cell to perform photosynthesis. Finally, through a long process, the DNA and proteins from the original phagocyte were transferred and migrated into the endosymbionts to transform them into cell organelles, from â€Å"prisoner to slave† as de Duve wrote. They would now be part of the cell itself and be considered one entire eukaryote. The process of incorporating the mitochondria, plastid, and the peroxisomes from other cells is supported by the ar...

Philosophical and Practical Approach for Balancing Issues Assignment

Philosophical and Practical Approach for Balancing Issues - Assignment Example This suggests that a reality or practical approaches to solving problems usually shows limitations in seeking solutions to issues by applying a provided set of rules whereas philosophical or argumentative approaches to problem-solving normally show exploration of probable options and alternatives to seeking solutions to problems. This paper will, therefore, discuss the philosophical and practical approach for balancing issues such as individual rights and the public protection, use of reward and punishment in criminal justice, and techniques employed for weighing the use of immoral ways to accomplish desirable ends. Moreover, recommendations to employ ethics in decision making about the mentioned issues in criminal justice will be discussed. The most common problems arising within the community today are problems concerning individual rights as well as public protection, conduct codes for criminal justice, and morality. When solving problems regarding individual rights and public protection, the practical method would be based on set rules. For example, the rule that says, every man owns their own property and no other person has a right to his property but himself. This means that the work from his hands has lawfully gifted him with the property. A person who takes property that is not lawfully theirs is a thief and should be judged in accordance with the law. This is the case because the law guarantees the security of an individual’s property protection. Irrespective of their state, a thief is defenceless to accusations from the community as per the law, and so by a judgment of law, the thief is also protected from the public (Garland, 2006). A belief in fairness and justice is an important thing to present to a society. As there is no inequality of human rights on the pretext of using individual traits for example race, ethnicity, or gender. However, within a legal setting, these individual traits are considered serious issues regarding equality of human rights and have to be protected by the Government or Public. Despite the fact, that the independence declaration of 1776Â  underscored the conception of equality of all men regarding equality with some basic rights of life, happiness and liberty.